# Bloom — Full documentation > Permissionless trading for tokenized stocks and ETFs. This file is the concatenation of every documentation page on https://bloom.markets/docs, served as plain text for AI agent ingestion. Source of truth: https://bloom.markets/docs Short index: https://bloom.markets/llms.txt Blog: https://bloom.markets/blogs --- # Overview ## Overview Source: https://bloom.markets/docs What Bloom is, who it is for, and the model that holds it together. Start here for how tokenized US stocks work on-chain. Bloom is a permissionless trading app for tokenized stocks and ETFs. Each asset is an on-chain token backed 1:1 by a real share held in custody at a regulated US broker-dealer such as Alpaca Markets or Interactive Brokers. The token tracks the price, dividends, and corporate actions of the underlying share, lives in your own wallet, and is composable across the broader DeFi ecosystem. ## Who it is for Bloom is for anyone with a wallet and an internet connection who wants to trade US stocks and ETFs on-chain (commodities, FX, and other asset classes are on the roadmap). That includes people without access to a US brokerage, sophisticated on-chain users who want to borrow against a tokenized portfolio, and AI agents trading on behalf of their owners. ## How a trade actually happens You sign in with Privy — Apple, Google, email, passkey, or an external wallet — and an embedded wallet is provisioned automatically. You add money with Apple Pay, card, bank transfer, or by receiving USDC from any external wallet. When you tap Buy, a regulated tokenized security issuer returns a live quote; you have a short window to accept; the trade settles back-to-back against the underlying market. The on-chain token lands in your wallet. ## The product surface - Markets — your watchlist, holdings, and discovery surfaces (trending, top movers, sectors) - Asset detail — chart, fundamentals, news, and a sticky Buy/Sell bar for every stock and ETF - Portfolio — holdings, orders, transactions, and P&L - Account — security, notifications, recovery, and key management Three primary destinations, two primary actions on any asset (Buy / Sell), one persistent money affordance (the balance pill). Read the rest of these docs to understand any single piece in depth. ## What makes this different - Permissionless by default — onboard with a wallet, Google, email, passkey, or Apple; jurisdictional gating happens silently per region - Composability — every token works with Aave, Morpho, Uniswap, Curve, and any other on-chain venue - Custody-backed — every token is 1:1 backed by a real share in segregated customer accounts at a regulated broker-dealer --- # Getting started ## Connect a wallet Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/connect-a-wallet Five sign-in methods. Two taps to a working account with an embedded wallet provisioned for you. Bloom uses Privy (https://privy.io) for authentication and wallet management. You pick how you want to sign in and an embedded wallet is provisioned automatically — there is no seed phrase to write down and no password to remember. ## The five sign-in methods - Continue with Apple — opens the native Apple OAuth sheet on iOS / macOS Safari - Continue with Google — opens the Google OAuth popup - Email magic link — type your email; a one-tap link arrives within ~5 seconds - Sign in with passkey — uses an existing WebAuthn passkey on this device - Connect external wallet — opens the WalletConnect picker for MetaMask, Phantom, Coinbase Wallet, and others ## What happens after you sign in Privy provisions an embedded wallet in about 500ms using multi-party computation, meaning no single party — including Bloom — holds your complete private key. Your wallet address is shown on your Account page; you can copy it, view it on an explorer, or export the key from Security at any time. If you signed in with an external wallet, that wallet is linked as your authentication method and you use it the same way you would on any other app. Your assets remain in the wallet you already control. ## Next step Connecting a wallet does not move money. To buy anything, you need a balance — see Add funds (/docs/add-funds). --- ## Add funds Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/add-funds Apple Pay, Google Pay, card, bank, or receive USDC from any wallet on any supported chain. Funds management is one sheet, triggered by the persistent balance pill at the top of every screen. Tap the pill and select Deposit to open the funding sheet, which shows two methods: Crypto (receive on-chain) and Cash (Apple Pay, Google Pay, or card). ## Methods available The funding sheet ranks methods by speed for your specific situation and only shows methods that work on your current device. | Method | Available on | |---|---| | Apple Pay | iOS Safari, iPad Safari, Mac Safari | | Google Pay | Android browsers and the Android app | | Saved card | Any platform after first use | | Receive crypto (your address + QR) | Any platform | | Connect external wallet (MetaMask / Phantom / Coinbase Wallet) | Any platform | For most iOS users, Apple Pay shows at the top with a one-tap Continue · $100 Apple Pay CTA. For most Android users, Google Pay shows at the top. ## What you receive When you add funds, the equivalent USD lands in your trading balance. Your trading balance is a unified USD balance backed 1:1 by USDC and USDT — you hold one currency across the app. See Trading balance (USD) (/docs/usdf-stablecoin) for the full mechanics. ## Fees - No daily, weekly, or per-transaction ceiling on deposits, withdrawals, transfers, or trades - Per-chain crypto deposits have a minimum of $10–50 depending on the chain and asset (shown in the deposit sheet before you send) ## Next step Once funds arrive, the balance pill animates to your new value. You are ready to place your first trade (/docs/first-trade). --- ## Your first trade Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/first-trade Pick an asset, tap Buy, confirm with a biometric. Receipt appears in the same sheet. The fastest path to a first trade is from your watchlist or the Markets discovery surface. Tap any row to open Asset detail; tap Buy in the sticky bottom bar. ## What you see in the trade sheet - Market | Limit segmented control — defaults to Market - Amount input — always starts empty with a 0 placeholder; type the amount you want to trade - Slippage tolerance pill — default 0.5%, editable to 0.1% / 0.5% / 1% / custom - Live quote — refreshes every ~10 seconds: Quote: $228.50 · valid 8s - Fee breakdown — platform fee 0.10%–0.20% based on your VIP tier, plus network gas - Available balance pill — recalculates as price moves - Take Profit and Stop Loss — optional checkboxes; see Quick Trade (/docs/quick-trade) for the full mechanics ## What happens when you tap Confirm 1. The order routes to a regulated tokenized security issuer via RFQ 2. Within ~1 second, you see the receipt: action, fill price, fee, total, and the on-chain transaction hash If the market is open, the order fills immediately. If the market is closed, the order is queued and executes automatically at the next market open — you receive a push notification when it fills. See Trading hours (/docs/trading-hours) for the rules. ## Trade size There is no value-based confirmation step. Trades of any size — $1 or $1,000,000 — use the same flow (biometric optional in Account → Security). No email prompts tied to trade amount. The minimum trade is $1; no maximum is imposed by the platform. ## Next step Once the receipt closes, your holdings are updated and the asset appears in your Portfolio. To sell or withdraw what you have made, see Sell and withdraw (/docs/sell-and-withdraw). --- ## Sell and withdraw Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/sell-and-withdraw Sell from holdings with a swipe. Withdraw to an external wallet from the balance pill. Selling and withdrawing are two separate actions. Selling converts a holding back into USD trading balance; withdrawing moves trading balance out of your account to an external wallet. ## Selling The fastest way to sell is from the Portfolio holdings tab: click on any row to open the trade sheet pre-set to Sell, with a one-tap Max button to exit your full position. The Sell UI is always fully interactive, even at zero balance — only the Confirm button is gated, with subtle helper text. You never see a blocking error mid-flow. Sell follows the same RFQ flow as Buy: live quote, slippage tolerance, biometric confirm, receipt with fill price and fee. Sells during market hours fill immediately; sells outside market hours are queued for next open. ## Withdrawing Tap the balance pill, switch to the Withdraw tab. Enter the amount (or tap Withdraw all), then choose a destination: a saved address from the dropdown, or paste a new address. Destination addresses are validated live against the chain you select. - Withdrawing to an external wallet completes in seconds once the network confirms the transfer - No platform-imposed ceiling and no value-based confirmation prompt at any amount The first time you withdraw to a new destination, a banner asks you to double-check the address before continuing. Once confirmed, the address is saved for future one-tap withdrawals. ## Tax records Bloom does not file taxes on your behalf and does not provide tax advice. From Portfolio, you can export a complete CSV of every trade and transaction to share with your tax advisor or import into your preferred tax software. Consult a qualified tax advisor for guidance specific to your situation. --- # How it works ## Tokenized stocks Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/tokenized-stocks How a tokenized stock works, what it tracks, and where it differs from a brokerage account. A tokenized stock on Bloom is an on-chain token that represents one share of a real stock, backed 1:1 by an actual share held in custody at a regulated broker-dealer. The token tracks the price of the underlying share in real time and absorbs every dividend and corporate action into its on-chain NAV. Because it lives in your wallet as a standard on-chain token, you can hold it, send it, trade it, lend it, borrow against it, or use it as liquidity across DeFi — alongside the same price exposure you would get from a traditional brokerage account. ## What you actually own When you buy AAPL on Bloom, you receive a tokenized representation of one AAPL share, fully backed 1:1 by an actual AAPL share held in segregated custody at a regulated US broker-dealer such as Alpaca Markets or Interactive Brokers. The token tracks the economic value of the underlying share: price movements, dividends, and corporate actions are all reflected in the token's on-chain NAV. The token lives in your own embedded wallet, so you retain custody and can move, trade, lend, borrow, or provide it as liquidity across DeFi at any time. It behaves like a stock for purposes of price exposure, and like a crypto asset for purposes of composability. ## Naming convention Tokenized assets surface throughout the product using the underlying ticker only — AAPL, not $AAPL or NASDAQ:AAPL or AAPL.US. Asset URLs follow the same rule: /app/trade/aapl, /app/trade/spy. ## Trademarks and ownership All tickers, company names, logos, and related trademarks displayed on Bloom are the property of their respective issuers or the companies that own these assets. Bloom does not claim ownership of, affiliation with, or endorsement by any underlying issuer or listed company. Tickers are used solely to identify the corresponding tokenized exposure for trading purposes. ## Composability with DeFi Common use cases for tokenized stocks include lending and borrowing on Aave and Morpho, margin trading and leverage on perps protocols, and providing liquidity on Uniswap, Curve, and CoW Swap. The composability of tokenized stocks is the central advantage over a traditional brokerage account — your AAPL exposure becomes productive capital that can earn additional yield while you hold it. ## Service availability Bloom does not offer its product or services to users in the United States or in other restricted jurisdictions. See Service availability (/docs/service-availability) for the current list. ## See also - Custody and backing (/docs/custody-and-backing) — where the underlying shares are held and how they are protected - Proof of reserves (/docs/proof-of-reserves) — how you can verify 1:1 backing independently - Dividends and corporate actions (/docs/dividends-and-corporate-actions) — how distributions are reflected in NAV - RFQ execution (/docs/rfq-execution) — how every trade is priced and settled --- ## Custody and backing Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/custody-and-backing Where the underlying shares live, who holds them, and what happens to your tokens if Bloom discontinues operations. Every tokenized share on Bloom is fully backed by a corresponding share in a segregated customer account at a regulated US broker-dealer such as Alpaca Markets or Interactive Brokers. Customer assets at these brokers are held separately from the broker's own funds, under the applicable investor-protection arrangements that apply to segregated client accounts. ## Where the shares live The underlying shares backing every tokenized asset on Bloom are held in segregated customer accounts at regulated US broker-dealers such as Alpaca Markets and Interactive Brokers, operating under the supervisory frameworks of their respective jurisdictions. The shares remain available to token holders independently of Bloom's or any single broker's commercial status. ## What happens if Bloom discontinues operations Your assets remain protected through a designated security agent (GenTwo) who works directly with the custodian to redeem outstanding tokens against the underlying shares for token holders. The redemption path is enforced by the on-chain contract and is independent of Bloom's continued operation. In other words, the value of your tokens is held in segregated customer accounts at the custodian, not on Bloom's balance sheet. The security agent has standing authority to act on token holders' behalf to settle and return value to token holders. ## How you can verify it Reserves are independently attested by a third-party proof-of-reserves provider that reads share balances directly from the broker accounts and publishes the attested figures on-chain in real time. You can verify the live backing ratio for any asset on the Transparency (/app/transparency) page. ## See also - Proof of reserves (/docs/proof-of-reserves) — the attestation mechanism in detail - Security model (/docs/security-model) — how the broader product is protected --- ## Proof of reserves Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/proof-of-reserves How independent third-party attestation works, what is published on-chain, and where to see live backing ratios. Reserves on Bloom are independently attested by a third-party proof-of-reserves service provider. The attester reads share balances directly from segregated customer accounts at regulated US broker-dealers such as Alpaca Markets and Interactive Brokers and publishes the attested values on-chain in real time. ## What the attestation contains For every asset, the on-chain attestation publishes: - Live token supply — total outstanding tokens for the asset across all chains - Attested broker balance — number of underlying shares held in segregated custody - Backing ratio — should be ≥1.0 at all times - Attestation timestamp — when the reading was taken - Attester signature — cryptographic proof that the data came from the third-party attester Every token outstanding is backed 1:1 by a corresponding share at the broker partner, and you can verify this independently at any time. ## How to verify The Transparency (/app/transparency) page shows the live token supply, attested broker balance, backing ratio, and a link to the on-chain attestation contract for every asset. From there you can pull the raw on-chain data directly via any block explorer or RPC client. ## Why this matters Proof of reserves is the mechanism that turns "we say it is backed" into "you can prove it is backed." It is the structural reason a tokenized asset on Bloom is meaningfully different from a balance entry on a centralized exchange. --- ## RFQ execution Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/rfq-execution How every trade is priced via a regulated tokenized security issuer and settled back-to-back against the underlying market. Bloom is a DEX. Trades execute via RFQ — Request-For-Quote — through regulated tokenized security issuers who hold the underlying shares in custody 1:1 to back the on-chain tokens. ## The lifecycle of one trade 1. You request — opening the trade sheet sends a quote request for your size and side 2. Tokenized security issuer responds — a live quote returns in milliseconds, typically valid for 5–10 seconds 3. You accept — tapping Confirm within the quote window commits the trade at that price (or within your slippage tolerance) 4. Settlement — the trade settles back-to-back against the underlying primary market; the on-chain token transfers to or from your wallet Because the quote may move slightly between request and confirmation, slippage tolerance is a first-class user-facing setting. The default is 0.5%, editable to 0.1% / 0.5% / 1% / custom in the trade sheet. ## How prices stay close to the underlying market Quotes are priced by tokenized security issuers against the live underlying market. When you accept a quote, the trade is settled back-to-back against the underlying instrument, so your fill closely tracks the prevailing market price at execution time. If the market moves beyond your tolerance during the quote window, the trade stays in pending state until cancelled by the user. ## See also - Quick Trade (/docs/quick-trade) — the full trade sheet, including slippage, TP/SL, and the order state machine - Pricing and fees (/docs/pricing-and-fees) — what the platform fee is and where it shows up - Trading hours (/docs/trading-hours) — what happens off-hours --- ## Dividends and corporate actions Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/dividends-and-corporate-actions How dividends are reinvested into NAV, and how splits, spin-offs, mergers, and name changes are absorbed transparently. Dividends and corporate actions are reflected in the on-chain NAV of the token rather than as separate cash distributions to your wallet. The economic effect is identical to a traditional brokerage account — only the surfacing differs. ## Dividends When the underlying company pays a dividend, the cash is used to buy back more of the underlying shares, and the on-chain NAV of the token increases accordingly to reflect the added shares-per-token. You see the dividend value in the token's price rather than as a separate cash distribution. ## Stock splits, spin-offs, mergers, name changes For other corporate actions — stock splits, special distributions, spin-offs, mergers, name changes — the on-chain NAV is updated to fully reflect the action. The result is that your economic position tracks the underlying instrument exactly, with all corporate events absorbed transparently into the token's value. Every adjustment is observable on-chain through the token contract. ## Why this design Reflecting dividends into NAV instead of distributing cash keeps the product simpler to operate, eliminates failed-distribution edge cases, and gives every user automatic dividend reinvestment by default. It is a strict superset of the brokerage experience for any user who would have reinvested the dividend anyway, and identical economically for any user who would not. --- ## Trading hours and queueing Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/trading-hours How orders behave during regular hours, extended hours, and overnight. Queue state, partial fills, and queued-order receipts. Each asset has a primary-market trading session inherited from the underlying instrument. The Asset detail header always shows a trading-hours pill so you know what to expect before tapping Buy. ## The four states you will see | When you submit | Behavior | Receipt | |---|---|---| | Regular market hours | Routes to market, executes, fills | Filled @ $X | | Pre-market or after-hours extended session | Routes to extended session; may partial-fill; remainder queued | Extended-hours · Filled 2 of 5 · 3 queued for next open | | Overnight / weekends / holidays | Order queued server-side until next open | Queued · Executes at market open in 6h 23m | | During hours but liquidity insufficient | Partial fill at available price; remainder queued | Filled 2 of 5 @ $228.50 avg · 3 queued for next session | ## The CTA copy never changes The button always reads Buy 0.44 sh of AAPL (or Sell). Queue status is never surfaced on the button itself. Instead, after you confirm during off-hours, the receipt tells you the order has been queued and gives you an estimated execution time. You receive a push notification when the order fills. ## Where to see queued orders All queued orders are visible in Portfolio → Orders with badge Queued · executes ≈ Mar 6, 09:30 local until they transition into Filled, Partially filled, or Cancelled. ## 24/7 assets For assets with continuous markets, orders fill immediately at the prevailing RFQ price regardless of time of day. The trading-hours pill on those assets reads LIVE 24/7. --- ## Pricing and fees Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/pricing-and-fees Trading fee, VIP tier ladder, what is free, and what shows up in your receipt. The trading fee on Bloom ranges from 0.10% to 0.20% (10 to 20 basis points). The default rate is 0.20%, and your fee progressively drops to 0.10% as your 14-day trading volume grows through the VIP tier ladder. The fee is included in the quoted price you see in the trade sheet — the "You will receive" line is the final amount that lands in your wallet. ## VIP tier ladder VIP tiers are based on your trailing 14-day trading volume. As volume climbs, the trading fee drops on a sliding scale from the default 0.20% down to 0.10%. The full schedule lives on the Pricing (/pricing) page. ## What the receipt shows Every trade receipt lists action, date, order type, fill price, platform fee, total, and the on-chain transaction hash. ## See also - Pricing page (/pricing) — full fee schedule and worked examples - RFQ execution (/docs/rfq-execution) — how the quoted price is built --- # Wallet and account ## Privy embedded wallet Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/privy-embedded-wallet The MPC-backed embedded wallet provisioned at sign-up. Key management, biometric authorization, no seed phrase. Your embedded wallet is provisioned by Privy (https://privy.io) at sign-up and uses multi-party computation (MPC) for key management. No single party, including Bloom, ever holds your complete private key. ## How authorization works Your Privy session authorizes transactions once you're signed in — there is no password to type, no seed phrase to write down, and no SMS OTP to wait for. If you want an extra confirmation step on every trade, enable Require Face ID, Touch ID, or your passkey before every trade in Account → Security (/app/account/security). ## What MPC means Multi-party computation splits your private key into multiple shares held by independent parties. A transaction signature requires a threshold of those shares to cooperate; no single party can sign on its own. This means even if one party is compromised, your wallet is not. ## Exporting your key You can export your private key at any time from Account → Security. The export is gated by email magic-link confirmation as a second factor. Once exported, you can import the wallet into any standard wallet (MetaMask, Phantom, Rabby, hardware wallets, etc.) and use it independently of Bloom — this is your guarantee that you never lose self-custody. ## Cross-tab sync Your Privy session is shared across tabs via BroadcastChannel. Signing out in one tab signs you out everywhere; signing in restores state instantly in any other open tab. ## See also - Recovery and security (/docs/recovery-and-security) — recovery paths if you lose access - External wallets (/docs/external-wallets) — using MetaMask, Phantom, or other wallets instead --- ## External wallets Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/external-wallets Using MetaMask, Phantom, Coinbase Wallet, or any WalletConnect-compatible wallet as your authentication method. You can sign in with an existing external wallet instead of using an embedded wallet. Pick Connect external wallet from the sign-in screen and the WalletConnect picker opens. Supported wallets include MetaMask, Phantom, Coinbase Wallet, Rabby, Trust Wallet, hardware wallets via the standard wallet protocols, and any other WalletConnect-compatible wallet. ## How it works When you connect an external wallet, that wallet is linked as your authentication method. Your assets remain in the wallet you already control. Every transaction is signed in your wallet's native UI exactly the way you are used to. ## What stays the same - Trading balance, deposits, withdrawals, trading flow, portfolio, and receipts all work identically - The trading-fee schedule and VIP tier ladder apply equally - Network gas is paid by you in the source chain's native token, on top of the platform fee shown in the trade receipt ## What is different - There is no in-app key export (your key is already yours) - Recovery is whatever recovery your wallet provider offers (seed phrase, social recovery, hardware key, etc.) - Some flows that depend on platform passkeys (e.g., automatic biometric on Apple Pay) may fall back to a wallet sign instead ## Switching between If you started with an embedded wallet and later want to use an external wallet, you can export your embedded key and import it into the external wallet — no funds need to move. Conversely, you can link multiple external wallets to one account from Account → Security. --- ## Networks supported Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/networks-supported The chains where Bloom accepts deposits, settles trades, and holds your token balances. Bloom is multi-chain. Your trading balance and tokenized stock holdings are per-chain at the wallet level — the trade UI surfaces a chain-scoped balance and per-chain holdings so you always see exactly what is available on the chain you are trading on. ## Where deposits land When you receive USDC from an external wallet, you pick the network in the deposit flow. Each supported network shows its address and QR alongside an estimated finality time. ## Bridging When you receive USDC on a chain different from the one your wallet was provisioned on, Privy's cross-chain bridging handles the transfer automatically in most cases. The fee and route are surfaced before you confirm. ## The full current list The chains supported at any given moment, with finality estimates and any per-chain limits, are listed on the deposit screen at runtime. Adding or removing a chain is a backend configuration change, not a UI update — the deposit flow is the canonical source. ## Why per-chain matters Because balances are per-chain, the Trade UI shows a chain selector. Picking a different chain swaps to that chain's trading balance and that chain's holdings. The portfolio aggregates across chains; trade-side enforcement is always per-chain. --- ## Trading balance (USD) Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/usdf-stablecoin The unified USD trading balance backed 1:1 by USDC and USDT. One currency across the app. Your trading balance is the unified USD balance on Bloom, backed 1:1 by USDC and USDT held in custody. You hold one currency across the app. In the product UI it always displays as USD. ## How trading balance is credited Trading balance is represented by a real on-chain ERC-20 token under the hood, not a UI abstraction. When you deposit (via Apple Pay, card, bank, or by receiving USDC), the equivalent trading balance is credited to your wallet by an authorized partner. When you withdraw, trading balance is queued for redemption back to USDC or fiat through the same partner. ## Why a unified trading balance and not USDC directly - One balance, not two — you do not need to think about USDC vs USDT - Stable display — your balance is always quoted in USD; no exchange-rate drift between USDC and USDT ## Per-chain mechanics Trading balance is per-chain at the wallet level. The Trade UI uses a chain-scoped balance from the chain you are trading on. The Portfolio aggregates across chains for a single total figure. ## Stablecoin symbols in the UI Stablecoins surface throughout the product with their canonical symbols (USDC, USDT) and trading balance as USD. USDC and USDT are trademarks of their respective issuers (Circle and Tether). Bloom uses these symbols solely to identify the underlying stablecoin held in custody. ## See also - Add funds (/docs/add-funds) — how you get USD into your trading balance - Sell and withdraw (/docs/sell-and-withdraw) — how you redeem trading balance back to USDC or fiat - Networks supported (/docs/networks-supported) — which chains trading balance lives on --- ## Recovery and security Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/recovery-and-security Recovery paths, second-factor enrollment, and what to do if you lose a device. Bloom supports multiple recovery paths so you always have a way back into your account, plus a second-factor confirmation step for non-value-based account controls. ## Recovery paths - Passkey on a backup device — register a passkey on every device you trust - Email magic-link — re-authenticate by tapping a one-tap link sent to your email - TOTP authenticator app — optional, supports Google Authenticator, Authy, 1Password, and any standard TOTP app - External wallet — if you have linked an external wallet, you can re-auth via that wallet's standard signing flow You manage recovery methods from Account → Security. We recommend enrolling at least two methods. ## When second-factor confirmation appears There is no value-based step-up. Deposits, withdrawals, and trades of any size complete without a dollar-amount-tied second factor (biometric confirmation is optional and configurable in Account → Security). Second-factor confirmation (email magic-link by default, or TOTP if enrolled) is reserved for: - Private-key export from Account → Security - New-device sign-in detection - Suspicious-activity re-authentication (geo jump, device change) - Session recovery when Privy session lapses mid-flow ## Token + expiry rules - Magic links and codes are valid for 10 minutes - Single-use (consumed on first verification) - Rate-limited: max 5 sends per email per hour - Bound to the originating session ID — a link issued in browser A cannot be used in browser B unless you explicitly choose "Use a different device" ## What is not used - SMS OTP is never sent for any flow - Phone-based authentication is not supported - Passwords are not used anywhere This is deliberate: tying a user to a phone number creates a persistent identity hook that contradicts the permissionless positioning. The recovery options above cover every real user. ## If you lose access entirely If you lose all enrolled devices and recovery methods at once, your wallet is recoverable only through the cryptographic share recovery mechanisms Privy provides — see Account → Security for the current options. Because you can export your private key at any time, the recommended posture is to export it once after sign-up and store the resulting seed phrase the way you would for any self-custody wallet. --- ## Account hub Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/account-hub What the /account page contains, and what is intentionally NOT there, covering settings, security, and referrals. /account is the account home. The header shows your avatar, email, wallet address (truncated, with Copy), and the menu below lists the four destinations you actually navigate to often. ## What is in Account - Funds & activity — opens the funding sheet (deposit, withdraw, full transaction history) - Security — passkey, biometric, MFA setup, active sessions, currency display, export private key - Notifications — price alerts, push preferences, news subscriptions, email preferences - Help & Legal — search, categories, risk disclosures, T&Cs, privacy, tax-in-your-country, Telegram support - Logout — destroys Privy session and clears local Privy cache ## What is NOT in Account - No /account/wallet route — your wallet address is shown inline on the Account home and Privy's export-key flow is gated under Security - No /account/deposit route — opens the funding sheet via the balance pill from anywhere - No /account/withdraw route — opens the funding sheet (Withdraw tab) via the balance pill The currency-display setting (USD / INR / EUR / others) lives under /app/account/security. ## Why this structure Funds management is a sheet, not a route, because it is a context-dependent action triggered from wherever you happen to be — the balance pill carries that context. Splitting it into nested routes added friction without adding clarity. --- # Trading ## Quick Trade Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/quick-trade The trade sheet in full: Market vs Limit, slippage, TP/SL, and the order state machine. Quick Trade is the single trade sheet for every asset. It opens from the sticky Buy/Sell bar on Asset detail, from row swipes on watchlists and holdings, and from the repeat-trade chip after any successful trade. ## What the sheet contains - Market | Limit segmented control (default Market) - Buy | Sell segmented control (Sell disabled when you hold none of the asset) - Market-hours pill at the top, broker-agnostic, with one of three states (see below) - Amount input always starts empty with a 0 placeholder, with quick chips for 25% · 50% · 75% · Max of available cash (Buy) or position (Sell) - Limit price input (Limit only) with quick suggestions LTP · LTP-1% · LTP-5% · LTP-10% - Slippage tolerance pill (always shown) with dropdown: 0.1% / 0.5% / 1% / custom - Live quote refreshing every ~10 seconds: Quote: $228.50 · valid 8s · Refresh - Fee breakdown showing platform fee and network gas - Available balance pill recalculating as price moves - Primary CTA reading Buy 0.44 sh @ $228.50 ### Market-hours pill states - LIVE · market open · executes immediately - Queued · market opens in 6h 23m · order will execute at open - Extended hours · limited liquidity · may partial-fill now, remainder at open ## Take Profit and Stop Loss Below the primary trade fields, two unchecked checkboxes: Take Profit (TP) and Stop Loss (SL). Checking either reveals an input row with three tabs — Price · Percent · Dollar — which are mathematically linked. Type in any one and the other two auto-populate live as you type. - Price ↔ Percent: percent = (target − entry) / entry × 100 - Price ↔ Dollar: dollar = (target − entry) × quantity - Percent ↔ Dollar: dollar = entry × quantity × percent / 100 Whichever field you last touched is the source of truth for that session. TP and SL are placed as resting orders that auto-trigger when the underlying price reaches the target. Both appear in Portfolio → Orders with their own state machine. ## Biometric confirm (optional) By default, tapping Confirm submits the trade immediately. If you want an extra confirmation step on every trade, enable Require Face ID, Touch ID, or your passkey before every trade in Account → Security (/app/account/security). With the toggle on, your device prompts for a biometric or passkey before each order leaves the sheet. ## The order state machine Every Market order moves through: quote_requested → quote_received → awaiting_confirm → soft_cancel → submitted → filled | partial_filled | queued | failed_execution Every Limit order moves through: submitted → pending → filled | partial_filled | modified | cancelled_by_user Every TP/SL order moves through: armed → triggered → filled | partial_filled | failed_execution The full state machines (with every transition labeled) live in MASTER-SPEC §24 — see for AI agents (/docs/llms-full-txt) for the machine-readable export. ## No value-based confirmation There is no second-factor prompt tied to trade size. Trades of any amount complete with biometric only. See Recovery and security (/docs/recovery-and-security) for the controls that do require a second factor (key export, new-device, suspicious-activity). ## See also - RFQ execution (/docs/rfq-execution) — how the quote is built - Trading hours (/docs/trading-hours) — what happens off-hours - Pricing and fees (/docs/pricing-and-fees) — what the platform fee is --- ## Assets available Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/assets-available The catalog of tokenized stocks and ETFs, how new assets are added, and where the live list lives. The full live catalog of tradeable assets is published at /app/markets (/app/markets) and as a machine-readable sitemap at /sitemap/main.xml (/sitemap/main.xml). Both are updated as assets are added or removed. ## What you can trade - US stocks — single-listed equities on NYSE, NASDAQ, and AMEX - US ETFs — broad-market and sector ETFs (SPY, QQQ, VOO, etc.) - Future asset classes — additional asset types will be added; check /app/markets (/app/markets) for the live list ## Naming convention Every asset uses its underlying ticker only — AAPL, SPY, QQQ — with no exchange prefix and no country suffix. Asset URLs follow the same rule: /app/trade/aapl, /app/trade/spy. All tickers, company names, and related trademarks are the property of their respective issuers; Bloom uses them solely to identify the corresponding tokenized exposure. ## How new assets are added New listings happen in batches. Each requires: - Custody arrangement at one of the regulated broker partners - Live attestation feed into the proof-of-reserves system - Liquidity coverage from at least one tokenized security issuer When all three are in place, the asset appears on the markets page and is immediately tradeable. ## Asset detail Every asset has a detail page at /app/trade/ with chart, fundamentals, news, holdings, and a sticky Buy/Sell bar. The chart supports 1D / 1W / 1M / 3M / YTD / 1Y / ALL ranges; the underlying market session (regular, extended, queued) is always visible at the top. --- ## Watchlists Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/watchlists How watchlists work: the default list, custom lists, swipe actions, and the star icon. Every account has a default watchlist named My Watchlist that is always present. You can add custom watchlists alongside it, but the default is the always-on baseline. The default list cannot be deleted or renamed. ## Adding and removing - Tap the star icon on any asset row to open the manage sheet and pick a list - Star is filled when the asset is in at least one watchlist - Long-press a row in any list to open the manage sheet (swap lists, remove) ## Row actions - Tap a row → opens Asset detail - Swipe right → opens Quick Trade pre-set to Buy - Swipe left → opens Quick Trade pre-set to Sell (only if you hold the asset) On desktop, hovering a row reveals inline Buy / Sell buttons; right-clicking opens a context menu (Buy · Sell · Add alert · Add to watchlist · View details). ## Where watchlists appear Watchlists are the first thing you see at the top of Markets. On desktop they share a 2-pane layout with discovery surfaces (trending, top movers, sectors). On mobile they are a single scrollable column at the top, above discovery. ## Reordering Drag a row to reorder within a list. Order persists across sessions on the same device. --- ## Portfolio Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/portfolio Holdings, Orders, Transactions, and P&L. Sortable filters, swipe actions, CSV export. The Portfolio page has three sub-tabs — Holdings, Orders, Transactions — and a header with your total value, day P&L, and an asset allocation donut. ## Holdings Each row: - Columns — ticker, quantity, average cost, last traded price, current value, day P&L, overall P&L, allocation % - Filter pills — All / Stocks / ETFs / Gainers / Losers / Closed - Sort by — current value, day P&L, overall P&L, or allocation % Row actions: - Tap → opens Asset detail - Swipe right → Quick Trade Buy - Swipe left → Quick Trade Sell ## Orders Filter by Pending / Executed / Cancelled. Tap a pending order to open the modify sheet (change quantity, price, TP, SL). Swipe left on a pending order to cancel. Tap an executed order for a receipt-style detail. ## Transactions The unified list of every Deposit, Withdraw, Buy, and Sell, with status badges from the state machines documented in Quick Trade (/docs/quick-trade). Filter by All / Deposit / Withdraw / Trade. Tap any row for tx detail with an explorer link. ## Performance chart Header chart with ranges 1D / 1W / 1M / 3M / YTD / 1Y / ALL. Optional benchmark overlay: S&P 500, NIFTY, or BTC. ## Exports Top-right menu offers CSV export, PDF export, and print. The CSV is the canonical source for tax reporting — every trade, every transaction, every fee. ## Empty state If you have not made a trade yet, the page shows an empty-state illustration with the headline "Start your portfolio" and a CTA into Markets discovery. --- ## VIP and referrals Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/vip-and-referrals The VIP tier ladder for trading-fee discounts, and the referral mechanism for sharing Bloom. Bloom has two earn mechanisms: the VIP tier ladder (built into the trading-fee schedule) and the referral program (a dedicated page in the primary nav). ## VIP tier ladder Your trailing 14-day trading volume determines your VIP tier. As volume climbs, the trading fee slides from the default 0.20% down to 0.10%. Tier changes happen automatically — no opt-in required. The full schedule and bracket breakpoints are on the Pricing (/pricing) page. ## Referrals Each account has a referral link accessible from the Referrals (/app/referrals) page (gift icon in the header). When someone signs up through your link and trades, you earn a share of their trading fees — settled daily in USD, with no cap and no expiry. Your share scales with your VIP tier, up to 50% at the top tier. The same page surfaces your invite link, friends invited, and the full VIP-to-share table. --- # Safety and compliance ## Security model Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/security-model The protections on every layer: custody, smart contracts, wallet, recovery, and operational controls. Security on Bloom sits on four layers. Each is documented in detail on its own page; this is the map. ## Custody layer Underlying shares are held in segregated customer accounts at regulated US broker-dealers such as Alpaca Markets and Interactive Brokers, separate from the broker's own funds, under the applicable investor-protection arrangements. A designated security agent (GenTwo) has standing authority to direct the custodian to redeem outstanding tokens against the underlying shares for token holders if Bloom discontinues operations. Independent third-party attestation publishes the share balance on-chain in real time. See Custody and backing (/docs/custody-and-backing) and Proof of reserves (/docs/proof-of-reserves). ## Smart contract layer The token contracts, mint/redeem partner contracts, and proof-of-reserves attestation contract are audited by Sherlock. See Smart contract audits (/docs/smart-contract-audits) for the audit history. ## Wallet layer Embedded wallets are MPC-backed by Privy — no single party holds your complete key. Biometric or passkey confirmation on every trade is optional and off by default; you can turn it on in Account → Security (/app/account/security). Recovery paths via passkey, email magic link, TOTP, or external wallet. See Privy embedded wallet (/docs/privy-embedded-wallet) and Recovery and security (/docs/recovery-and-security). ## Operational layer - Rate-limited magic links — throttled to prevent enumeration and brute force - Bound-to-session tokens — session tokens cannot be replayed from a different device - New-device sign-in detection — first sign-in from a new device requires re-authentication - Suspicious-activity re-authentication — triggered by geo jumps or device changes - Private-key export gating — magic-link confirmation - No value-based step-up — trades, deposits, and withdrawals never trigger a second-factor prompt based on dollar size See Recovery and security (/docs/recovery-and-security) for the full mechanism. ## The product Security page The /security (/security) page is the marketing-facing security overview — the docs page links to it but does not duplicate it. The docs pages are the deep reference; /security is the summary. --- ## Smart contract audits Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/smart-contract-audits Which contracts are audited, by whom, and where the reports live, plus how to verify each deployed address yourself. Every smart contract that custodies value or handles authorization on Bloom is audited by Sherlock before deployment. ## What is audited - Token contracts — the per-asset tokenized stock contracts - Mint/redeem partner contracts — the authorized-participant gateway used by the broker partner to mint and burn tokens against custody - Proof-of-reserves attestation contract — the on-chain feed that the third-party attester writes to The security agent (GenTwo) is a custody-layer arrangement, not a separate audited contract; it exercises its standing authority through the mint/redeem partner contract above. See Custody and backing (/docs/custody-and-backing). ## Audit history The Sherlock audit reports, scopes, and remediation notes are published on the /security (/security) page and in the source repository for each contract. Every material change to a contract triggers a re-audit before deployment. ## Bug bounty Bloom runs a bug bounty for smart-contract issues. Severity tiers and payout brackets are listed on the /security (/security) page. Reports to security@trybloom.xyz. --- ## Service availability Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/service-availability The jurisdictions where Bloom is and is not available, and how gating works. Bloom does not offer its product or services to users in the United States or in other restricted jurisdictions. ## How gating works Jurisdictional gating happens silently per region, not per user. A user in a restricted jurisdiction will not see a confusing in-app identity prompt — the app simply does not transact with that user. This is a deliberate choice to avoid the false impression that completing a form might unlock access. ## The current list The authoritative list of restricted jurisdictions is published at /legal#availability (/legal#availability). The list is updated as regulatory posture changes. ## What "permissionless" means here Permissionless on Bloom means: no minimum-balance threshold, no manual approval queue, and no application form. It does not mean unavailable jurisdictions can transact — restrictions are enforced regardless of how the user authenticates. ## See also - Legal page (/legal) — full terms, privacy, and the AML stance - Disclaimers (/docs/disclaimers) — the persistent footer disclaimer, receipt line, and AI footer --- ## Risk disclosure Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/risk-disclosure The risks of trading on Bloom — market risk, liquidity risk, smart contract risk, custody risk. Trading on Bloom carries risk, including the loss of principal. The full risk disclosure lives at /legal#risk (/legal#risk). This page summarizes the major categories. ## Market risk Asset prices can move against you, including overnight gaps that may exceed your slippage tolerance or Stop Loss trigger. Past performance does not guarantee future returns. Markets can become illiquid, especially outside regular hours, and your order may queue or partial-fill. ## Smart contract risk Tokenized assets rely on smart contracts. While every contract is audited, no audit eliminates risk entirely. A discovered vulnerability or an unforeseen interaction with another protocol could affect the value or availability of your tokens. ## Custody risk The underlying shares are held at regulated broker-dealers such as Alpaca Markets and Interactive Brokers under segregated customer accounts. Investor-protection arrangements apply within the jurisdictional limits of each broker; protection is not unlimited. The security-agent mechanism (GenTwo) is designed to redeem outstanding tokens against the underlying shares if Bloom discontinues operations, but redemption depends on the continued operation of the broker partner. ## Bridging and chain risk Cross-chain bridges and the underlying blockchains can be congested, halted, or compromised. Funds in transit during a chain-level incident may be delayed or, in extreme cases, lost. Always confirm the network before initiating a cross-chain transfer. ## Liquidity risk The tokenized security issuers that quote prices may withdraw liquidity in extreme conditions. When this happens, the trade sheet will not return a quote and you cannot execute until liquidity returns. ## What Bloom does NOT claim - We do not claim any asset or transaction is risk-free - We do not guarantee returns - We do not advise on what to buy or sell - We do not predict prices - We do not protect against market risk You are responsible for your own trades. Read the full risk disclosure before trading. --- ## Disclaimers Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/disclaimers What we never claim, the receipt disclaimer, and the persistent footer. Bloom does not provide financial, investment, tax, or legal advice. All investments carry risk including the loss of principal. Past performance does not guarantee future returns. Prices may move against you. ## The persistent footer Every screen of Bloom carries the disclaimer above in the footer, with a link to the full risk disclosure. ## Receipt disclaimer Every trade receipt ends with a small line: "Trade executed. Markets carry risk; this is not advice. Consult your tax advisor regarding the treatment of this transaction in your jurisdiction." ## Ask AI footer When you ask anything via the Ask AI mode of Search, the response carries the footer: "Powered by AI · may contain mistakes · not financial advice." ## What we explicitly do NOT do - We never say "you should buy X" or "X is undervalued" or any predictive framing - We never use language like "guaranteed", "risk-free", "best", "winning trade" - We never display annualized returns without time-period context - We never gamify wins — no confetti on profit, no celebration tied to P&L - We never compare your returns to other users - We never offer "tips" or "picks" --- # For AI agents ## llms.txt Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/llms-txt A short, machine-readable index pointing AI agents at the canonical docs surfaces. Bloom publishes a llms.txt (https://bloom.markets/llms.txt) file at the site root following the llms.txt specification (https://llmstxt.org). The file is a concise pointer to the canonical documentation surfaces AI agents should ingest. ## What llms.txt is llms.txt is a small markdown file at the root of a website that gives AI agents a clean, deterministic index of the docs they should read. It is the AI-agent equivalent of a sitemap, but trimmed to the surfaces that matter for understanding the product. ## What ours contains - A one-paragraph product description - A link to llms-full.txt (/llms-full.txt) — the comprehensive product context, every docs page concatenated - Links to the user-facing canonical pages: FAQ, Pricing, Security, Proof of Reserves, the live asset list - The topics Bloom is about (tokenized equities, permissionless stock trading, RFQ broker model, Privy embedded wallet) ## Why this exists When an AI agent answers a question about Bloom — "How do I buy AAPL on Bloom" or "What is trading balance" or "How does Bloom keep funds safe" — the agent's answer is only as good as the source material it can find. llms.txt gives every agent the exact same well-structured starting point. ## See also - llms-full.txt (/docs/llms-full-txt) — the comprehensive concatenation - Structured data (/docs/structured-data) — schema.org markup we emit on every page --- ## llms-full.txt Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/llms-full-txt The comprehensive product context — every docs page concatenated as plain text, served at /llms-full.txt. Bloom publishes a llms-full.txt (https://bloom.markets/llms-full.txt) at the site root containing the full text of every documentation page on the site, concatenated and served as plain text. ## What it contains Every page in the /docs (/docs) tree, in the same order as the sidebar: - Overview - Getting started (Connect a wallet, Add funds, Your first trade, Sell and withdraw) - How it works (Tokenized stocks, Custody and backing, Proof of reserves, RFQ execution, Dividends, Trading hours, Pricing and fees) - Wallet and account (Privy embedded wallet, External wallets, Networks supported, Trading balance (USD), Recovery and security, Account hub) - Trading (Quick Trade, Assets available, Watchlists, Portfolio, VIP and referrals) - Safety and compliance (Security model, Smart contract audits, Service availability, Risk disclosure, Disclaimers) - For AI agents (this group) - Reference (FAQ, Glossary, Contract addresses, Status) ## How it is generated The file is generated at build time from the same registry that powers the human-facing docs pages. Edits to a docs page automatically flow through to llms-full.txt on the next deploy — no double-maintenance. ## Format Plain text, UTF-8. Markdown-style headings (#, ##, ###) demarcate pages and sections. Links are rendered as label (url) so they survive plain-text extraction. Tables are preserved as pipe-delimited rows. ## Recommended use - AI agents and crawlers should fetch /llms-full.txt once and ingest the whole file - For a smaller starting point, fetch /llms.txt (/llms.txt) first for the index - For schema-typed extraction, the underlying HTML pages emit FAQPage, BreadcrumbList, and Article schema.org markup — see Structured data (/docs/structured-data) --- ## Structured data Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/structured-data The schema.org markup emitted on every page so AI citation engines can extract claims cleanly. Every public page on Bloom emits structured data as JSON-LD in the document head. This is the same data /llms-full.txt exposes as plain text, plus a layer of schema typing that AI citation engines and search crawlers consume directly. ## Schemas in use | Schema | Where it appears | What it carries | |---|---|---| | Organization | Every page (root layout) | Brand identity, logo, contact point, social profiles | | WebSite | Every page (root layout) | Site identity, search action | | BreadcrumbList | Asset detail, docs, list pages | Hierarchical position in the site | | FAQPage | /docs/faq (/docs/faq), key asset pages | Question / answer pairs extractable by AI agents | | Article | Docs pages | Page-level metadata: dateModified, author | | FinancialProduct | Asset detail (/app/trade/) | Asset-level metadata for the tokenized instrument | ## Why we emit JSON-LD specifically JSON-LD is the format Google, Perplexity, and Claude crawlers extract most reliably. It does not interfere with rendered HTML, sits at the document head, and is preserved through aggressive transforms like reader-mode and AMP variants. ## Where to find it Open the source of any Bloom page and search for application/ld+json. Every block is a single, well-formed JSON document. ## Direct AI agent integration Beyond schema markup, Bloom ships: - A public ChatGPT GPT and OpenAI Action so users can query asset prices and ask questions from inside ChatGPT - An MCP server (gm-markets-mcp) for Claude Desktop and other MCP-aware clients - Sample integration code in Anthropic SDK (https://docs.anthropic.com) and OpenAI SDK (https://platform.openai.com/docs) examples These turn Bloom into a tool agents can call, not just a document they cite. --- # Reference ## FAQ Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/faq The most common questions answered in one place — custody, fees, dividends, recovery, verification. The most common questions about Bloom, with concise plain-text answers suitable for both humans and AI extraction. ## What am I actually buying when I buy AAPL on Bloom? You are buying a tokenized representation of one AAPL share, backed 1:1 by a real AAPL share held in segregated custody at a regulated broker-dealer. The token tracks price, dividends, and corporate actions of the underlying share, lives in your own embedded wallet, and is composable across DeFi. ## What happens to my tokens if Bloom discontinues operations? Your assets are held in segregated customer accounts at the broker-dealer, not on Bloom's balance sheet. A designated security agent (GenTwo) has standing authority to redeem outstanding tokens against the underlying shares for token holders, enforced by the on-chain contract independent of Bloom's continued operation. ## How are the underlying shares held and protected? The underlying shares are held in segregated customer accounts at regulated US broker-dealers such as Alpaca Markets and Interactive Brokers. Customer assets are segregated from broker assets under applicable investor-protection arrangements. ## Where can I use these tokens? Because every asset is a standard on-chain token in your own wallet, you can use it across DeFi: lending and borrowing on Aave or Morpho, leverage on perps protocols, and providing liquidity on Uniswap, Curve, or CoW Swap. Bloom is not available to users in the United States or other restricted jurisdictions. ## What are the total fees on a trade? The trading fee ranges from 0.10% to 0.20% (10 to 20 basis points); the default is 0.20% and drops to 0.10% as your 14-day volume climbs the VIP ladder. ## Do I receive dividends? What happens during corporate actions? Yes. Dividends are reinvested into more underlying shares and reflected in the on-chain NAV of the token (the token's price reflects the added shares-per-token). Stock splits, special distributions, spin-offs, mergers, and name changes are all absorbed transparently into the token's NAV. ## How does the price on Bloom compare to the actual stock price? Prices come from real-time RFQ quotes provided by regulated tokenized security issuers who price each quote against the live underlying market. When you accept a quote, the trade settles back-to-back so your fill closely tracks the prevailing market price. You can set slippage tolerance (default 0.5%) to cap drift. ## What is the minimum trade size? Can I buy fractional shares? The minimum trade size is $1, and fractional shares are supported down to six decimal places. There is no ceiling on trade size — daily, weekly, or per-order. ## Can I trade outside of regular market hours? Yes. Orders placed outside regular market hours are queued on-chain and execute automatically when liquidity is available or the market opens. For 24/7 assets, orders fill immediately at the prevailing RFQ price. ## How is my wallet secured? What if I lose access? Your embedded wallet is held by Privy and uses MPC for key management — no single party, including Bloom, holds your complete private key. Your Privy session authorizes transactions; an optional per-trade biometric step is available in Account → Security. Recovery paths include passkey on a backup device, email magic-link, and optional TOTP. Second-factor confirmation is reserved for non-value-based controls (key export, new-device sign-in, suspicious-activity re-auth) — not for trade or withdrawal size. ## How can I verify that my tokens are backed 1:1? Reserves are independently attested by a third-party proof-of-reserves service provider that reads share balances directly from segregated accounts at regulated US broker-dealers such as Alpaca Markets and Interactive Brokers and publishes the attested values on-chain in real time. The Transparency (/app/transparency) page shows live token supply, attested broker balance, backing ratio, and the on-chain attestation contract for every asset. ## Is this taxable? Will Bloom provide tax forms? You are responsible for tax obligations in your jurisdiction. Bloom does not provide tax advice. We provide a complete CSV export of every trade and transaction; consult a qualified tax advisor for guidance specific to your situation. ## Still have a question? Open Telegram support or send feedback from the search overlay. --- ## Glossary Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/glossary Definitions of the terms used throughout the product and these docs, from tokenized shares to custody, RFQ, and settlement. The vocabulary used throughout Bloom and these docs. ## A AP (authorized participant) — A regulated entity authorized to mint and burn tokens against custody. The on-chain gateway through which underlying shares enter and leave the tokenized supply. Asset detail — The page at /app/trade/ showing chart, fundamentals, news, and a sticky Buy/Sell bar for any single asset. ## B Balance pill — The persistent USD trading-balance affordance at the top of every screen. Tap it to open the funding sheet. Biometric — Face ID, Touch ID, or your platform passkey. Used at sign-in, and optionally as a per-trade confirmation step when enabled in Account → Security. ## E Embedded wallet — A wallet provisioned by Privy at sign-up using multi-party computation. Lives in your account; no seed phrase to write down. See Privy embedded wallet (/docs/privy-embedded-wallet). ## F Fractional shares — Buying less than one whole share. Supported down to six decimal places on every asset. ## L Limit order — An order at a specified price; held server-side and routed to RFQ when the live quote reaches your target. Cancellable any time before fill. See Quick Trade (/docs/quick-trade). LTP — Last traded price. Used as the reference for Limit price quick-suggestions (LTP, LTP-1%, LTP-5%, LTP-10%) and for percent / dollar computations in TP/SL. ## M Magic link — A one-tap link sent to your email for auth, account recovery, key export, new-device sign-in, or suspicious-activity re-auth. Not used as a value-based confirmation step on trades or withdrawals. See Recovery and security (/docs/recovery-and-security). Market order — An order at the current quoted price; executes immediately during market hours. See Quick Trade (/docs/quick-trade). MPC (multi-party computation) — A cryptographic technique that splits a private key into multiple shares held by independent parties. The mechanism behind every Privy embedded wallet. ## N NAV (net asset value) — The on-chain value of a tokenized asset, reflecting price, accrued dividends, and corporate actions. See Dividends and corporate actions (/docs/dividends-and-corporate-actions). ## P Passkey — A WebAuthn credential bound to a device, used as a recovery and primary auth method. Permissionless — No manual approval, no application form. Restricted jurisdictions remain restricted regardless. See Service availability (/docs/service-availability). Proof of reserves — Independent third-party attestation that publishes share balances on-chain in real time. See Proof of reserves (/docs/proof-of-reserves). ## R RFQ (Request-For-Quote) — The execution model on Bloom. A tokenized security issuer returns a live quote; you accept within a short window; the trade settles back-to-back. See RFQ execution (/docs/rfq-execution). RFQ depth — The pane on the asset terminal that visualizes RFQ liquidity at each price grouping. It looks like a traditional order book ladder for familiarity, but every level is what the RFQ desk would quote for that notional — not a resting limit order from another user. Click a level to pre-fill the trade ticket's price. ## S Slippage tolerance — The maximum acceptable drift between quote and execution. Default 0.5%, editable in the trade sheet. Soft-cancel window — The 5-second countdown after you tap Confirm before the trade submits. Lets you back out without side effect. Stop Loss (SL) — A conditional sell order triggered when the underlying price falls to a target. See Quick Trade (/docs/quick-trade). Step-up confirmation — The second-factor confirmation step for sensitive account controls: private-key export, new-device sign-in, and suspicious-activity re-auth. Delivered by email magic link or TOTP. Not triggered by trade or withdrawal size — those have no value-based gate. ## T Take Profit (TP) — A conditional sell order triggered when the underlying price reaches an upside target. See Quick Trade (/docs/quick-trade). TOTP — Time-based one-time password from an authenticator app (Google Authenticator, Authy, 1Password). Optional second factor for step-up. ## U Trading balance (USD) — The unified USD balance on Bloom, backed 1:1 by USDC and USDT. One currency across the app for the platform fee; network gas is paid separately in the source chain's native token. See Trading balance (USD) (/docs/usdf-stablecoin). ## V VIP tier — The trading-fee discount ladder based on your trailing 14-day volume. See Pricing and fees (/docs/pricing-and-fees). --- ## Contract addresses Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/contract-addresses Per-network deployment addresses for the token, partner, and security-agent contracts. The deployment addresses for every smart contract that backs Bloom are published per network. The canonical source is the on-chain registry; this page is a human-readable index. ## What is published - Per-asset token contracts — one address per tokenized stock or ETF, per chain - Mint/redeem partner contract — the AP-gateway contract used to mint and burn tokens against custody - Security-agent contract — the on-chain mechanism granting standing redemption authority - Proof-of-reserves attestation contract — the on-chain feed the third-party attester writes to - Trading-balance contract — the on-chain contract behind the USD trading balance ## Where to find live addresses The runtime addresses are surfaced on the /app/transparency (/app/transparency) page (one row per asset with the contract address and explorer link) and in the deposit sheet (per-network trading-balance address shown when you select a chain). ## Why this page does not enumerate addresses inline The list changes whenever a new asset is added, a contract is upgraded, or a network is added. Hard-coding the list in a docs page would invite stale data. The canonical sources above are kept in sync with deployment automatically. ## See also - Proof of reserves (/docs/proof-of-reserves) — the attestation mechanism and where to read the contract directly - Smart contract audits (/docs/smart-contract-audits) — which contracts are audited and where the reports live - Networks supported (/docs/networks-supported) — which chains the contracts are deployed on --- ## Status and uptime Source: https://bloom.markets/docs/status Where to check operational status, recent incidents, and historical uptime. Operational status, ongoing incidents, and historical uptime are published at /status (/status). The page updates in real time and is the canonical source for whether any platform component is degraded. ## What the status page tracks - Frontend — bloom.markets and app availability - Sign-in — Privy authentication, wallet provisioning - Trading — quote requests, order submission, settlement - Funding — deposits, withdrawals, on-ramp partner status - On-chain attestation — proof-of-reserves attestation feed liveness Each component shows current status (operational / degraded / outage) and the last 90 days of uptime. ## Subscribing to updates The status page supports email and webhook subscriptions for incident notifications. Subscribe once and you receive updates whenever a component changes state. ## During an incident If you cannot complete a trade or your balance looks wrong, check the status page first. Most user-visible errors during an incident come with explicit copy pointing here. --- # Blog Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs Long-form research and editorial on tokenized stocks and on-chain trading. ## After-hours trading explained: hours, liquidity and risks Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/after-hours-trading-explained Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research After hours trading explained: US after-hours session times in ET, IST and UK time, how orders match, the risks FINRA and the SEC list, and orders on Bloom. Key takeaways: - After hours trading in US stocks runs from 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. ET on Nasdaq and in the Late Trading Sessions of NYSE Arca, NYSE American, NYSE National and NYSE Texas. - In India the session runs from 1:30 a.m. to 5:30 a.m. IST until November 1, 2026, and from 2:30 a.m. to 6:30 a.m. IST after US clocks change. - On November 27 and December 24, 2026, US markets close at 1:00 p.m. ET and the NYSE group late trading sessions close at 5:00 p.m. ET. - FINRA states that prices recorded at 4 p.m. are the official closing prices regardless of extended-hours trading, and the SEC notes that many brokerage firms accept only limit orders. - FINRA Rule 2265 requires firms to disclose at least six extended-hours risks: lower liquidity, higher volatility, changing prices, unlinked markets, news announcements and wider spreads. --- ## Best Stock Market Simulators in 2026: Seven Compared Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/best-stock-market-simulators Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research The best stock market simulators compared: seven options by cost, starting virtual cash, assets, price data and who can use them, from each provider's pages. Key takeaways: - Four of the seven simulators start users with $100,000 in virtual money: The Stock Market Game, HowTheMarketWorks, Wall Street Survivor and thinkorswim paperMoney. - Webull lists unlimited virtual funds and Neostox offers ₹5 lakh of virtual money to start, while the default TradingView Paper Trading account currency is USD. - Schwab states paperMoney uses real-time market data, the two Stock-Trak sites state in their footers that quotes are delayed by at least 15 minutes, and Neostox prices are delayed by 30 days. - TradingView states Paper Trading is available globally for all users, while Schwab states its site is designed for US residents and offers a 30-day Guest Pass without an account. - SEBI's circular of May 8, 2026 set a 30-day lag for sharing and usage of price data for educational purposes, applicable from July 1, 2026. - Our Paper Trading Challenge offers practice with virtual funds, and real trades on Bloom start at $1. --- ## The Best Tokenized Stock Platforms in 2026, Compared Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/best-tokenized-stock-platforms Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research The best tokenized stock platforms in 2026 compared by availability in India and the UK, issuer, custody, trading hours, fees and number of assets. Key takeaways: - As of September 28, 2026, this comparison covers seven tokenized stock platforms: Bloom, Kraken, Bybit, Robinhood, Ondo Stocks, Gemini and Dinari, each offered only outside the United States. - Legal forms differ: Robinhood Stock Tokens are tokenized debt securities, while Robinhood Classic Stock Tokens and the dShares Gemini offers in the EU are derivative contracts. - Published asset counts include 100+ across xStocks, 450+ Ondo Stocks and 2,000+ Robinhood Classic Stock Tokens, and our homepage lists 1,000+ stocks. - Bybit's xStocks FAQ, last updated July 30, 2026, lists India and the United Kingdom among the regions where xStocks trading is not available. - Fees differ by model: our trading fee is 0.10% to 0.20% and included in the quote, Kraken charges no xStocks trading fee with USDG or USD, and Robinhood charges a 0.1% FX fee on Classic Stock Tokens. --- ## Crypto Paper Trading: How to Practice Before You Trade Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/crypto-paper-trading Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research Crypto paper trading guide: compare official demo, testnet and paper trading options from Binance, Bybit, Kraken, TradingView and Delta Exchange India. Key takeaways: - Crypto paper trading means placing simulated crypto trades with virtual funds, so you can practice order entry and review results before your own money is at risk. - Bybit's help center states that its demo account simulates mainnet price movements, while its testnet operates independently of mainnet prices and has its own order book. - Binance, Bybit, Kraken, TradingView and Delta Exchange India each describe a demo, testnet or paper trading option on their official help or developer pages. - Paper results leave out slippage, network costs and, for live trades in India, tax on VDA transfer income at a flat rate of 30% plus surcharge and cess. - A live trade on Bloom executes through RFQ, with a quote typically valid for 5 to 10 seconds and a default slippage tolerance of 0.5%. --- ## Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) Explained for US Stocks Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/liberalised-remittance-scheme-us-stocks Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research The Liberalised Remittance Scheme explained for US stock investors: the USD 250,000 LRS limit, rules, PAN and Form A2, and TCS on foreign remittance in 2026. Key takeaways: - Under the RBI's Liberalised Remittance Scheme, resident individuals, including minors, can remit up to USD 250,000 per financial year, from April to March, for permissible current and capital account transactions. - Resident individuals may make overseas portfolio investment, such as buying listed foreign shares, within the overall LRS limit under the Overseas Investment Rules, 2022. - LRS does not allow remittances for margins or margin calls to overseas exchanges, or for trading in foreign exchange abroad, and PAN is mandatory for every LRS remittance. - HDFC Bank and Standard Chartered publish TCS from April 1, 2026 on other LRS purposes at nil up to ₹10 lakh in a financial year and 20% above ₹10 lakh. - Received or unused foreign exchange that is not reinvested must be repatriated within 180 days, and the CBDT treats Schedule FA and Schedule FSI reporting as mandatory under the Black Money Act, 2015. --- ## Ondo Global Markets Explained: How Its Tokenized Stocks Work Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/ondo-global-markets-explained Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research Ondo Global Markets, now called Ondo Stocks, explained: how Ondo tokenized stocks are structured, backed, minted and redeemed, who can buy them, and when. Key takeaways: - Ondo Global Markets is the former name of Ondo Stocks, the platform through which Ondo Global Markets (BVI) Limited issues tokenized US stocks and ETFs such as TSLAon. - Each Ondo tokenized stock is a structured note from a BVI special purpose vehicle, backed 1:1 plus a buffer by shares held at US-registered broker-dealers, with Ankura Trust Company as Security Agent. - Holders get economic exposure with dividends reinvested net of withholding tax, but no voting or other shareholder rights, and one token can represent more than one share over time. - Direct minting and redemption start at $1.00, use USDon or USDC, and run 24/5 from Sunday 8:05 pm to Friday 7:59 pm ET, with Off-Hours trading for select assets. - Tokens are offered only to eligible non-US persons under Regulation S; UK residents must qualify as Professional Clients or Qualified Investors, and India is not named on Ondo's prohibited or restricted lists. --- ## Self-Custody vs Custodial Wallets: What You Actually Control Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/self-custody-vs-custodial-wallets Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research Self custody vs custodial wallet: who holds the private key, what the SEC and the FTX case show about each model, how MPC wallets differ, and our model. Key takeaways: - The self custody vs custodial wallet difference is who controls the private key: a third-party custodian such as a crypto exchange, or you. - The SEC says a lost private key means permanently losing access, and a custodian that is hacked, shuts down or goes bankrupt can cost you access. - In the FTX case, the CFTC alleged that customer assets described as segregated were commingled with Alameda, causing the loss of over $8 billion in customer deposits. - MPC wallets split a private key into shares held by independent parties, so no single party can sign alone; on Bloom, no single party, including us, holds your complete key. - Controlling a wallet is separate from the asset a token represents: our tokenized stocks sit in your wallet, while the underlying shares are held at regulated US broker-dealers. --- ## Stock Market Holidays 2026: Full NYSE and Nasdaq Calendar Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/stock-market-holidays-2026 Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research Stock market holidays 2026 for the NYSE and Nasdaq: every full closure, the 1:00 p.m. ET early closes, 2027 dates, IST times and how Bloom queues orders. Key takeaways: - The NYSE and Nasdaq are closed on 10 weekdays in 2026, from New Year's Day on January 1 to Christmas Day on December 25. - Both exchanges close early at 1:00 p.m. ET on Friday, November 27 and Thursday, December 24, 2026; NYSE late trading sessions on those days end at 5:00 p.m. ET. - Columbus Day and Veterans Day are federal holidays but are not NYSE holidays, while Good Friday is an NYSE holiday but not a federal holiday. - The NYSE has already published its 2027 calendar, starting with New Year's Day on Friday, January 1, 2027. - On Bloom, an order placed on a US market holiday is queued until the next open, and the receipt shows an estimated execution time. --- ## Tokenized ETFs: How On-Chain Exposure to SPY and QQQ Works Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/tokenized-etfs-spy-qqq Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research Tokenized ETFs explained: how tokens backed by SPY and QQQ shares work, what each fund tracks, and how dividends, custody and trading hours are handled. Key takeaways: - Investor.gov lists tokenized fund shares among tokenized securities and describes three models, issuer-sponsored, custodial and synthetic, whose holder rights differ. - SPY seeks to track the S&P 500 Index before expenses, while QQQ tracks the Nasdaq-100 Index, the 100 largest non-financial companies listed on the Nasdaq. - On Bloom, tokenized SPY and QQQ are backed 1:1 by real fund shares held at regulated US broker-dealers, with reserves attested by Accountable. - Fund distributions on Bloom buy more underlying shares and raise the token's NAV instead of paying cash to the wallet. - From India, LRS limits, TCS and Schedule FA reporting still apply, and the treatment of tokenized securities can differ from directly held shares. --- ## Tokenized Stocks vs Stock Perps vs Synthetic Stocks Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/tokenized-stocks-vs-stock-perps-vs-synthetic-stocks Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research Stock perps, tokenized stocks and synthetic stocks compared: 1:1 backing, funding rates, leverage, oracle pricing, liquidation and the SEC case over Mirror. Key takeaways: - Tokenized stocks on Bloom are tokens backed 1:1 by real shares held in segregated custody at regulated US broker-dealers such as Alpaca Markets or Interactive Brokers. - Stock perps are leveraged derivatives that track a share price; exchange documentation states they do not give holders ownership of the underlying asset. - Perp funding is a recurring payment between longs and shorts based on the gap between the mark price and the index price. - Synthetic stock tokens copy a price; the SEC described Mirror Protocol mAssets as security-based swaps in its February 16, 2023 charges. - Under the RBI LRS FAQ, remittance from India for margins or margin calls to overseas exchanges or counterparties is not available under the Scheme. --- ## USDC vs USDT: Which Stablecoin Should You Hold in 2026? Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/usdc-vs-usdt Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research USDC vs USDT compared with issuer data: who issues each, reserves and attestations, GENIUS Act and MiCA status, chains, supply, redemption and depeg history. Key takeaways: - USDC is issued by regulated affiliates of Circle. USDT is issued by Tether, and its Q2 2026 attestation was published by Tether International, S.A. de C.V. - Circle reported $75.2 billion of USDC in circulation on September 24, 2026. Tether reported about $184.6 billion of USDT issued at the end of Q2 2026. - Circle publishes monthly reserve attestations by a Big Four accounting firm. Tether's Q2 2026 attestation, prepared by BDO, showed assets exceeding liabilities by about $4.11 billion on June 30, 2026. - ESMA's interim MiCA register lists Circle Internet Financial Europe SAS as an e-money token issuer and lists no Tether entity. Tether says USDT is progressing towards GENIUS Act compliance. - On Bloom, the trading balance is a unified USD balance backed 1:1 by USDC and USDT, so it shows no exchange-rate drift between the two tokens. --- ## What Is a Stablecoin? How USDC and USDT Hold Their Peg Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/what-is-a-stablecoin Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research What is a stablecoin? See how fiat-backed coins like USDC and USDT hold a $1 peg through reserves, attestations and mint and redeem, plus GENIUS and MiCA. Key takeaways: - A stablecoin is a crypto token that targets a fixed value against a reference asset, usually one US dollar. USDC and USDT are fiat-backed examples. - Circle and Tether mint and redeem tokens only with verified direct customers. Arbitrage between the issuer rate and exchange prices keeps market prices near the $1 peg. - Circle discloses USDC reserves weekly with monthly Big Four assurance. Tether typically publishes circulation daily and quarterly reserve reports prepared by BDO. - The US GENIUS Act, signed on July 18, 2025, requires at least one dollar of permitted reserves for every dollar of payment stablecoins issued. - On Bloom, your trading balance is a unified USD balance backed 1:1 by USDC and USDT held in custody. --- ## What Is Blue Ocean ATS? The Venue Behind Overnight Trading Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/what-is-blue-ocean-ats Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research Blue Ocean ATS: how the overnight venue for US stocks works, its 8 p.m. to 4 a.m. ET hours in IST, the August 2024 halt and the December 2026 exchange plans. Key takeaways: - Blue Ocean ATS is an alternative trading system that matches orders in US NMS stocks from 8:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. ET, Sunday to Thursday. - Only US broker-dealers can subscribe directly, so retail investors reach Blue Ocean ATS through a US brokerage firm that connects to it. - On August 5, 2024, Blue Ocean canceled trades made between 1:45 and 3:06 a.m. and halted trading after a spike in volumes. - Nasdaq, NYSE Arca and 24X plan overnight sessions from 9:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. ET starting December 6, 2026, each subject to approvals. - On Bloom, a stock order placed overnight, on a weekend or on a holiday is queued server-side until the next open, and 24/7 assets fill immediately. --- ## What Is xStocks? Tokenized Equities on Kraken and Bybit Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/what-is-xstocks Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research What is xStocks? How Backed's tokenized stocks work, who issues and backs them, how dividends are handled, and how xStocks trade on Kraken and Bybit in 2026. Key takeaways: - xStocks are tokenized US stocks and ETFs issued by Backed Assets (JE) Limited, a Jersey special purpose vehicle, and each xStock is a tracker certificate collateralized 1:1 by the underlying equity. - An xStock gives economic exposure to a share but no voting rights and no legal claim to the underlying shares, according to the xStocks documentation and Kraken's risk disclosure. - Dividends are reinvested net of withholding taxes and, like stock splits, are reflected through a multiplier that adjusts token balances, so holders receive no cash dividends. - On December 2, 2025, Kraken announced it had agreed to acquire Backed Finance AG, the company driving the issuance of xStocks. - Kraken's xStocks FAQ, last updated September 18, 2026, excludes the US, Canada, the UK and Australia, and Bybit's FAQ, last updated July 30, 2026, lists India, the UK and the EEA among excluded regions. --- ## xStocks vs Ondo vs Dinari: Tokenized Stock Issuers Compared Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/xstocks-vs-ondo-vs-dinari Published: 2026-09-28 Author: Bloom Research xStocks vs Ondo vs Dinari compared from issuer docs: legal wrapper, custody, security agent, chains, eligibility, mint and redeem, dividends and attestations. Key takeaways: - xStocks are tracker certificates issued by Backed Assets (JE) Limited in Jersey, and Ondo tokenized stocks are structured notes issued by Ondo Global Markets (BVI) Limited. - Dinari describes a dShare as a token 1:1 backed by a security, with custody at Alpaca Securities LLC and Dinari Securities, LLC as its SEC-registered broker-dealer. - Dividends differ: xStocks reinvest through a rebasing multiplier, Ondo reinvests and reflects dividends in the token price, and Dinari pays dividends in the USD+ stablecoin. - Direct minting and redemption requires onboarding with each issuer, and xStocks sets a $5,000 minimum while Ondo sets a $1.00 minimum redemption. - All three exclude US persons from their non-US offerings, and each publishes its own list of prohibited or restricted jurisdictions. --- ## Tokenized Stock Lifecycle: Mint, Settle, Hold and Redeem Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/tokenized-stock-lifecycle-mint-settle-redeem Published: 2026-09-27 Author: Bloom Research The tokenized stock lifecycle step by step: how a share is minted as a token, settled back-to-back, held with NAV and proof of reserves, then sold or redeemed. Key takeaways: - The tokenized stock lifecycle on Bloom has six stages: fund, quote, mint, settle, hold, and sell or redeem, and each stage leaves a record you can check, such as a transaction hash or a contract address. - A regulated issuer returns an RFQ quote that is typically valid for 5 to 10 seconds, and the trade settles back-to-back against the underlying primary market. - Tokens are minted and burned through the authorized-participant gateway, which the broker partner uses to mint and burn tokens against custody. - Dividends and corporate actions are reflected in the token's on-chain NAV, and a third-party attester publishes reserve balances on-chain in real time. - If we discontinue operations, the security agent GenTwo has standing authority to direct the custodian to redeem outstanding tokens against the underlying shares, and redemption depends on the continued operation of the broker partner. --- ## US Stock Market Hours: The Full Schedule in Every Time Zone Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/us-stock-market-hours Published: 2026-09-27 Author: Bloom Research US market hours in 2026: the NYSE and Nasdaq regular session, extended and overnight sessions, holidays, DST dates and times in IST, GMT, CET and more. Key takeaways: - US market hours for the NYSE and Nasdaq regular session are 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET, Monday through Friday, except exchange holidays. - Extended sessions run from 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. ET on Nasdaq and NYSE Arca, and both plan 9:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. ET overnight sessions from December 6, 2026. - In India the regular session is 7:00 p.m. to 1:30 a.m. IST until November 1, 2026 and 8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. IST after it. - UK and EU clocks change on different dates from US clocks, so from October 26 to 30, 2026 the session starts one hour earlier in London and Central Europe. - The remaining 2026 closures are November 26 and December 25, with 1:00 p.m. ET early closes on November 27 and December 24. --- ## Vested vs INDmoney vs Bloom: US Investing Apps Compared Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/vested-vs-indmoney-vs-bloom Published: 2026-09-27 Author: Bloom Research Vested vs INDmoney vs Bloom in 2026: US broker and custody, SIPC, IFSCA status, KYC, LRS funding, published fees, minimums and withdrawal times side by side. Key takeaways: - Vested and INDmoney fund INR accounts under LRS and hold US shares through SIPC-member US broker-dealers: VF Securities for Vested, and Alpaca Securities LLC and DriveWealth LLC for INDmoney. - Our tokens are each backed 1:1 by a real share in custody at a regulated US broker-dealer, are held in your own wallet and are not a SIPC-eligible brokerage account. - Each app publishes its own trading fee: Vested 0.25% on Basic or 0.15% on Premium up to $35 per trade, INDmoney 0.25% per trade up to $25 excluding GST, and our fee of 0.10% to 0.20%. - LRS, TCS and Schedule FA rules apply to Indian residents on every route, and we do not state that any route, including stablecoin funding, falls outside them. - All three start from $1 with fractional amounts: Vested and INDmoney from $1, and our minimum trade is $1 with fractions down to six decimal places. --- ## W-8BEN Form: What It Is and How to Fill It Out in 2026 Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/w-8ben-form-guide Published: 2026-09-27 Author: Bloom Research What the W-8BEN form is, who gives it to a US withholding agent, how to fill Parts I to III line by line, how long it stays valid, and India reporting points. Key takeaways: - Form W-8BEN is the IRS certificate a non-US individual gives to a withholding agent or payer when the individual is the beneficial owner of an amount subject to withholding, and the form says not to send it to the IRS. - The current Form W-8BEN is the October 2021 revision (Rev. 10-2021). - The IRS says a Form W-8BEN generally remains in effect from the date signed until the last day of the third succeeding calendar year, unless a change in circumstances makes any information on the form incorrect. - The IRS says failure to provide Form W-8BEN when requested may lead to withholding at the foreign-person rate of 30% or at the backup withholding rate under section 3406. - For India residents, the Income Tax Department says foreign tax credit under Rule 128 is allowed only if Form 67 is furnished within the specified timelines, and its guide covers Schedules FSI and FA. --- ## What Is RFQ Trading? How Request for Quote Trading Works Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/what-is-rfq-trading Published: 2026-09-27 Author: Bloom Research What is RFQ trading? Learn what request for quote means, how it works in bonds and swaps, the NSE RFQ platform, RFQ vs order book and AMM, and RFQ on Bloom. Key takeaways: - RFQ means request for quote: a requester asks for a quote for a specific instrument, size and side, and the quote is executable only by the requester. - RFQ is the main electronic protocol for dealer-to-customer bond trading, is offered for European equities and ETFs, and under CFTC rules a swap RFQ goes to no less than three market participants. - With SEBI approval, NSE and BSE launched RFQ platforms for debt securities in February 2020 to bring transparency to over-the-counter deals that were negotiated bilaterally. - An order book matches buy and sell orders continuously, an AMM sets relative prices on the basis of pool quantities, and RFQ returns a quote in response to a request. - On Bloom, a regulated tokenized security issuer returns a live quote typically valid for 5 to 10 seconds, the fee is included in the quoted price, and default slippage tolerance is 0.5%. --- ## How to Buy SpaceX Stock (SPCX) Before and After Its IPO Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/how-to-buy-spacex-stock Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research How to buy SpaceX stock (SPCX): how investors got exposure before the June 2026 IPO, how to buy shares through a broker now, the India LRS route and key risks. Key takeaways: - SpaceX priced its IPO at $135.00 per share on June 11, 2026, and its Class A shares have traded on Nasdaq under the ticker SPCX since June 12, 2026. - Before the IPO, exposure came through private share purchases largely limited to accredited investors, SPVs and listed funds such as DXYZ and XOVR, each with limits such as NAV gaps and fees. - After the IPO, you can buy SPCX through a broker that offers US-listed stocks by placing a market order or a limit order. - From India, overseas investing runs under LRS, which allows up to USD 250,000 per financial year, and from April 1, 2026 banks collect TCS at 20% above ₹10 lakh on investment remittances. - SPCX has had large price moves: it closed at $160.95 on its first trading day, June 12, 2026, and at $108.27 on August 5, 2026, below its $135 IPO price. - On Bloom, tokenized SPCX is backed 1:1 by an actual share held in custody at a regulated broker-dealer, starts from $1 and is not offered in the United States. --- ## How to Invest in US Stocks from India: The 2026 Guide Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/how-to-invest-in-us-stocks-from-india Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research How to invest in US stocks from India in 2026: compare overseas brokers, GIFT City receipts, mutual funds and tokenized stocks, plus LRS, TCS and tax. Key takeaways: - Resident Indians can reach US stocks through an overseas brokerage account funded under LRS, NSE IFSC Receipts in GIFT City where currently offered, Indian mutual funds, or tokenized US stocks. - The RBI's Liberalised Remittance Scheme allows resident individuals to remit up to USD 250,000 per financial year, from April to March. - From April 1, 2026, under the Finance Act, 2026, banks apply TCS on LRS remittances for purposes such as investing at nil up to ₹10 lakh in a financial year and 20% on the amount above it. - The NYSE core session of 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET runs from 7:00 p.m. to 1:30 a.m. IST until US daylight saving time ends on November 1, 2026. - On Bloom, every tokenized stock is backed 1:1 by a real share at a regulated US broker-dealer, trades start at $1, and the trading fee is 0.10% to 0.20%. --- ## Weekend Nasdaq Trading: How to Trade US Stocks on Weekends Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/how-to-trade-us-stocks-on-weekends Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research Can you trade stocks on weekends? US exchanges have no Saturday session. See 2026 overnight hours, Sunday night starts, IST times and how weekend orders queue. Key takeaways: - No US exchange or overnight venue in our sources opens on Saturday. Blue Ocean ATS runs overnight Sunday to Thursday, and Nasdaq plans to start its week at 9 p.m. ET on Sunday. - An order placed on a weekend waits for the next session, and brokerage firms may cancel it or carry it over to regular trading hours under their own policies. - Nasdaq, NYSE Arca and 24X plan 23-hour weekday trading from December 6, 2026, each still subject to SEC approvals or a further rule change. - In IST, the US regular session runs from 7:00 p.m. to 1:30 a.m. until November 1, 2026, and from 8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. after it. - On Bloom, a weekend stock order is queued with an estimated execution time on the receipt, and tokens you hold stay in your own embedded wallet. --- ## Is Robinhood Safe? What International Users Should Know Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/is-robinhood-safe Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research Is Robinhood safe? We cover SIPC limits, crypto, FINRA and SEC actions, the 2021 breach, and how protection differs for UK, EU and other international users. Key takeaways: - Robinhood Financial, LLC and Robinhood Securities, LLC are SEC-registered brokerage firms regulated by FINRA, and their parent Robinhood Markets, Inc. is listed on Nasdaq as HOOD. - SIPC protection is limited to $500,000, which includes a $250,000 limit for cash, and it does not cover a decline in value or crypto that does not qualify as a security. - Robinhood firms paid SEC penalties in 2020 and 2025 and FINRA penalties in 2021 and 2025, and Robinhood disclosed a data security incident in November 2021. - A Robinhood US account requires a US residential address and a valid Social Security Number, while Robinhood U.K. Ltd (FCA) and Robinhood Europe, UAB (Bank of Lithuania) are separate entities with different protections. - On Bloom, each token is backed 1:1 by a real share held in segregated custody at a regulated US broker-dealer, and the tokens are on-chain assets in your own wallet, not a SIPC-eligible brokerage account. --- ## Paper Trading Apps Compared: 2026 Guide to Practice Trading Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/paper-trading-apps-compared Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research Compare paper trading apps in 2026: TradingView, moomoo, Webull, Interactive Brokers, FrontPage, Neostox and Sensibull by markets, balance, cost and data. Key takeaways: - TradingView simulates stocks, forex, crypto and futures, and Interactive Brokers covers all instruments available through IBKR TWS. FrontPage, Neostox and Sensibull simulate Indian stocks, futures and options. - Virtual balances differ: Interactive Brokers starts at USD 1,000,000 and moomoo at $1 million for stocks or options. FrontPage gives ₹10 lakh, Neostox gives ₹5 lakh and Webull lists unlimited virtual funds. - Price data ranges from live to delayed by 30 days, and SEBI's 30-day lag for sharing and usage of educational price data applies from July 1, 2026. - Zerodha's support portal states that Zerodha does not offer demo accounts for paper trading, and its Kite demo uses dummy data. - Webull and Interactive Brokers state their own rules for simulated fills, and on Bloom real trades start at $1 with fractional shares to six decimal places. --- ## Paper Trading: How to Practice Trading Without Risking Money Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/paper-trading-practice-without-risking-money Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research Paper trading lets you practice trading with virtual funds. Learn how it works, how to start, what to track, its limits, and our paper trading challenge. Key takeaways: - Paper trading means placing simulated trades with virtual funds, so you can practice order entry, position sizing and reviewing results without risking money. - The SEC states that day traders typically suffer severe financial losses in their first months of trading, and many never graduate to profit-making status. - An updated SEBI study found that 93% of individual traders incurred losses in equity F&O between FY22 and FY24. - A paper account cannot reproduce live fills or loss aversion, so paper results do not show how you will trade with your own money. - Our Paper Trading Challenge awards Bloom Points for executed paper trades and ranks the top 100 each week on a leaderboard, with no live funds involved. --- ## Pre-Market Trading Explained: Hours, Risks and How It Works Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/pre-market-trading-explained Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research Pre-market trading explained: US pre-market hours in ET and IST, how orders are matched, the risks the SEC and FINRA list, and how Bloom handles these orders. Key takeaways: - Pre-market trading is trading before the regular session opens at 9:30 a.m. ET, and on Nasdaq and NYSE Arca Equities it runs from 4:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. ET. - A 4:00 a.m. ET pre-market start is 1:30 p.m. IST while US daylight saving time is in effect and 2:30 p.m. IST from November 1, 2026. - Many brokerage firms accept only limit orders in extended hours, and lower liquidity means an order may be only partially executed, or not executed at all. - FINRA Rule 2265 requires a risk disclosure covering at least six risks: lower liquidity, higher volatility, changing prices, unlinked markets, news announcements and wider spreads. - Nasdaq has announced that on December 6, 2026 it will introduce a new trading session from 9 p.m. to 4 a.m. ET. --- ## Robinhood Alternatives for International Investors (2026) Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/robinhood-alternatives-for-international-investors Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research Robinhood alternatives for investors outside the US: Robinhood's 2026 eligibility and markets, global brokers, India routes like LRS and GIFT City, and tokens. Key takeaways: - Robinhood's US account requires a valid Social Security Number, a legal US residential address, and US citizenship, US permanent residency or a valid US visa. - Robinhood operates outside the US through Robinhood U.K. Ltd, regulated by the FCA, and Robinhood Europe, UAB, regulated by the Bank of Lithuania, and it announced availability to Canadian residents on July 1, 2026. - Robinhood Stock Tokens are available on the Robinhood Wallet in more than 120 countries, subject to restrictions in other jurisdictions, and are tokenized debt securities issued by Robinhood Assets (Jersey) Limited. - Indian residents can remit up to USD 250,000 per financial year under LRS, and from April 1, 2026 banks apply TCS at 20% above ₹10 lakh for other LRS purposes such as investing. - On Bloom, each token is backed 1:1 by a real share held in custody at a regulated US broker-dealer, the minimum trade is $1 and the trading fee is 0.10% to 0.20%. --- ## Tokenized Stocks: The Complete 2026 Guide to How They Work Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/what-are-tokenized-stocks Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research Tokenized stocks are blockchain tokens that represent or track company shares. Our 2026 guide covers how they work, structures, legal status, risks and buying. Key takeaways: - Investor.gov defines tokenized securities as financial instruments, such as stocks, bonds or fund interests, formatted as or represented by a crypto asset recorded on a blockchain. - The rights a holder gets depend on the structure: custodial or backed tokens, synthetic tokens or issuer-native shares, as grouped in the SEC staff statement of January 28, 2026. - In 2026 SEC staff stated that a security's onchain or offchain format does not affect the federal securities laws, and the SEC approved a Nasdaq proposal for tokenized trading and settlement. - ESMA reports that the outstanding value of tokenized equities grew from about EUR 0.3bn at end-2024 to about EUR 1.9bn by end-June 2026. - On Bloom, each token is backed 1:1 by a real share held in custody at a regulated US broker-dealer, and the minimum trade is $1. --- ## Where to Buy Tokenized Stocks in 2026: 5 Venues Compared Source: https://bloom.markets/blogs/where-to-trade-tokenized-stocks Published: 2026-09-26 Author: Bloom Research Where to buy tokenized stocks in 2026: Bloom, Coinbase, Binance, Bybit and Kraken compared by issuer, custody, hours, withdrawals and excluded regions. Key takeaways: - As of September 26, 2026, tokenized stocks are offered on Bloom, as Coinbase tokenized stocks on Base, as Binance bStocks, and as xStocks on Bybit and Kraken. - All five venues exclude US persons, and Bybit's xStocks FAQ, last updated July 30, 2026, lists India among the regions where xStocks trading is not available. - Spot tokenized stocks differ from stock perpetual futures and CFDs, which are leveraged derivatives that give price exposure rather than a token backed by a share. - Structures differ: our tokens are backed 1:1 by real shares, Binance bStocks are certificates backed 1:1 by shares, and Kraken says xStocks provide synthetic exposure with no voting rights. - Indian residents remit funds for overseas investment under the LRS; from April 1, 2026 banks apply TCS at 20% above ₹10 lakh a year, and CBDT says Schedule FA reporting is mandatory. ---